
Species and distance, in that order. The fast, water-seeking trees do most of it — willow, silver maple, poplar and cottonwood, elm, sweetgum — and their roots routinely travel well beyond the drip line. Older systems built with clay tile or unglued joints are far more vulnerable than modern solvent-welded PVC. The standard origin story is a small tree planted twenty years ago at what looked like a safe distance from a field the owner could not see and had no map of.
A strip of lawn over the drain field that is greener and taller than everything around it and stays green through drought while the rest browns off. Soggy ground or standing water over the laterals, odor, slow drains or backups indoors, and lines of lush growth tracing exactly where the pipes run. On the tree side: roots surfacing near the field, and a tree noticeably more vigorous than its neighbors on the same lot.