
Dead branches held up in the canopy, gray and shedding bark, some of them large; limbs long enough to sweep the ground or the driveway; two or more trunks of similar diameter splitting from one low point, often with a seam of pinched bark between them; sprouts from the base and along the main limbs; a crown wider than the tree is tall with the weight out at the ends; branches crossing and rubbing wounds into each other. Foliage may look vigorous — this is a structure complaint, not a health complaint. 'Never pruned' is not a diagnosis. Forest trees are never pruned and do fine. What differs in a yard is that an open-grown tree builds a wide, heavy, low crown with no competition to correct it, and nobody removed the competing stem at year eight when it was a five-minute cut. So what you are looking at is accumulated correctable structure plus accumulated deadwood, and the actual risk usually narrows to one or two identifiable parts: a large dead limb over somewhere people stand, or a tight V-shaped union with included bark that will split under wind or ice.
Not urgent. Normally a tree trimming job, $250–$1,400 around Indianapolis depending on size and access.
Yes, and this is the best value in tree work — but it takes more than one visit. The right first job removes deadwood over targets, establishes clearances, and reduces end weight on the most overextended limbs; it does not try to fix twenty years in a day. Standard practice caps live-tissue removal near a quarter of the crown in a season, and on a mature neglected tree a good arborist takes less than that and returns. Where a codominant union has included bark, the choices are subordinating one stem across successive prunings, installing a cable or brace, or removing one stem — decided by size and by what is underneath. Refuse topping, refuse lion-tailing (stripping interior growth and leaving tufts at the tips, which makes leverage worse), and refuse anyone quoting to take half the tree.