
Within weeks. Larvae feed in the cambium just under the bark, severing the tree's plumbing from the inside. Once enough galleries overlap, the crown above starves regardless of soil, water, or fertilizer. Untreated infested ash die — this is not a decline trees recover from on their own. The line between the ones you can save and the ones you cannot is almost entirely how much canopy is still alive the day you first look.
Treat-or-remove is a decision measured in one or two growing seasons, not days. The dangerous clock starts after death. Dead ash deteriorate unusually fast and turn brittle — limbs shed without warning and the wood fails under a climber's weight, which is why crews will not climb a dead ash. A standing dead ash near a house, driveway, or play area is a different conversation from a live infested one and should not be left through another winter.