Answered for Fishers, Hamilton County.
Larvae feed in the cambium just under the bark, severing the tree's plumbing from the inside. Once enough galleries overlap, the crown above starves regardless of soil, water, or fertilizer. Untreated infested ash die — this is not a decline trees recover from on their own. The line between the ones you can save and the ones you cannot is almost entirely how much canopy is still alive the day you first look. In Fishers — Sunblest Farms, Avalon and Brooks Chase included, that's normally a tree removal job at $400–$1,900. Within weeks.
June 29, 2023 derecho — the NWS logged an estimated 60 mph gust at Fishers that took down a six-inch-diameter tree, while the same squall line measured 70 mph at Indianapolis International and left parts of the region without power for days. The July 15-16, 2024 derecho crossed Hamilton County with damage at Atlanta, Westfield (about 55 mph) and Cicero. September 14, 2008 remnants of Hurricane Ike gusted 50-70 mph for hours across central Indiana.
Fishers was not one of the 23 communities in Indiana DNR's street-tree sample inventory, so no verified species breakdown exists for the city. What is documented is that the Tree Board maintains a list of desirable and undesirable species and no species off that list may be planted as a street tree without special permission — the practical picture being a 1990s-2000s nursery palette in tight uniform age classes, with ash gone since EAB was confirmed in Indiana in 2004.
Fishers regulates street trees, not yard trees. Under section 95.33 you need a Tree Board permit to plant, treat, spray or prune a street tree, and a separate permit to remove one, with no permit required in a genuine emergency; permits are reported to run up to 60 days with a 30-day extension on written request. Section 95.34 bars planting in any public right-of-way, required landscape easement or municipal property without a permit, and bars planting within 15 horizontal feet of an overhead utility line or five feet of an underground one. The trap is the definition: STREET TREES covers trees on real estate owned or controlled by the city AND trees within a dedicated landscape easement, which sweeps in subdivision frontage that looks like private yard. Removing a tree standing entirely in a private yard needs no permit. Section numbers, permit durations and setbacks here should be confirmed against the current Fishers code before they are relied on.
This is where Fishers diverges sharply from Indianapolis. Section 95.02 puts maintenance and removal of the tree between the street and the sidewalk or right-of-way easement line on the owner of the adjacent property, and if that owner fails to remove a dead tree or dangerous limbs after notice, the city removes them and bills the owner. But the code points both directions on cost — 95.34(D) commits the city to street tree care within the Tree Board's budget while 95.34(F) assigns owners routine care between road surface and sidewalk. Call the Department of Permitting and Inspection before assuming who pays for a removal.
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Distance measured from Fishers.